7.3 Organic Chemistry
Organic
chemistry is concerned with the compounds of carbon (most of which also contain
hydrogen).
The
term organic is a remnant from the days when compounds were classified
according to their origin. Organic compounds were derived from living
organisms.
Carbon
is unique in its ability to for multiple covalent bonds and to catenate (ie
form chains and rings of carbon atoms). In addition it forms bonds easily with
other atoms.
Eg.
C = O C = S C = N
As
there are such a large number of organic compounds they are divided up into
families of compounds which have the same chemical properties, trends, and
physical properties and which fit a general formula - an homologous series.
Types
of Formula
Using
ethanoic acid as an example
·
The empirical formula is CH2O the simplest, whole number ratio of
elements in a compound.
·
The molecular formula is C2H4O2 the actual number
of elements of each element in a compound
·
The structural formula
is CH3COOH the minimal detail,
using conventional groups, for an unambiguous structure
H
x O
·
The displayed formula is H-C-C the relative placing of
atoms and x O-H the bonds between them
H
function
of groups
Organic
chemistry is about the reactions of functional groups. And
Halifax
compounds have a functional group attached to a comparatively Henri active
carbon chain called itself CAL group
The
El Tel group has the composition
any
alt Kyle group is represented as but if
Al
can all groups or derived from Alf Keynes
Common
Functional Groups
|
name |
functional
group |
examples |
|
prefix
or suffix (for
naming) |
|
alkane |
C-H |
|
|
-ANE |
|
alkene |
|
|
|
|
|
halogenoalkane |
-Br |
|
|
|
|
alcohol |
-OH |
|
|
|
|
aldehyde |
|
|
|
|
|
ketone |
|
|
|
|
|
carboxylic
acid |
|
|
|
|
|
ester |
|
|
|
|
|
acyl
chloride |
|
|
|
|
|
amine |
-NH2 |
|
|
|
|
amide |
|
|
|
|
|
nitrile |
|
|
|
|